As the world observes Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, India is poised to launch a groundbreaking Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination drive targeting girls aged 9-14. This ambitious initiative, set to begin in mid-2024, aims to significantly reduce cervical cancer cases, the second-most common cancer among Indian women. The three-year program will be rolled out in phases, reaching millions of girls through schools and existing vaccination centres, ensuring a targeted approach for maximum coverage and protection.
The Burden of Cervical Cancer in India
Cervical cancer poses a significant health challenge in India, contributing to one-fifth of the global burden. In 2020, there were 123,907 incident cases and 77,348 deaths, with a 5-year relative survival rate of approximately 46%. Unfortunately, the majority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, leading to high mortality. With approximately 59.7 million girls and 272.8 million women in India eligible for vaccination and screening, the need for comprehensive preventive measures is evident.
The Role of HPV and the Vaccination Drive
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a key player in cervical cancer, with 83.2% of invasive cervical cancers attributed to HPV types 16 or 18. The two-dose HPV vaccine not only addresses cervical cancer but also provides protection against other HPV-related cancers and genital warts. The vaccination drive, a first of its kind, aims to cover millions of girls through schools and existing healthcare facilities, offering a crucial preventive strategy.
India’s Cervical Cancer Control Efforts
Recognizing the importance of early detection, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has been actively involved in formulating guidelines for cervical cancer control. The National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) has implemented strategies at different levels, including door-to-door information campaigns, monthly medical officer visits, and mass screening camps.
Cervical Cancer Screening Initiatives
Efforts to screen for cervical cancer in India have taken various forms, including screening camps, training Village Health Nurses (VHNs) for screening, and promoting HPV testing. However, challenges persist, especially in rural areas where awareness and education levels are lower. Various organizations and campaigns, such as Meghashrey NGO, CAPED Trust, and GeBBS Foundation, have played a crucial role in conducting screening camps and raising awareness.
Key Indicators and Recommendations
Despite these efforts, data from the National Family Health Survey (NHFS-5) shows low screening rates, with only 2.2% of urban and 1.7% of rural women aged 30-49 undergoing cervical cancer screening. The recommendations for routine cervical cancer screening include HPV testing every five years for women aged 30-65.
Diagnostic Tools and Techniques
Several diagnostic tools, including Pap tests, HPV DNA testing, colposcopy, and various biopsy methods, play a crucial role in the diagnosis and staging of cervical cancer. Additionally, imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and PET-CT scans aid in assessing the extent of cancer spread.
Mobile Apps and Tools for Awareness
In the age of technology, mobile health (mHealth) applications have emerged to enhance awareness and education about cervical cancer. Apps such as “Cervical Cancer Tips” and “Cervical Cancer Symptoms” provide valuable information, while international apps like “ASCCP Management Guidelines” offer comprehensive guidelines for healthcare professionals.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Studies:
Studies conducted across different regions of India reveal disparities in knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer. KAP studies highlight the need for increased awareness, especially in rural areas, where limited access to screening and low awareness levels pose significant challenges.
As India gears up for an unprecedented HPV vaccination drive, the nation’s commitment to combating cervical cancer is evident. Comprehensive strategies, ranging from vaccination programs to awareness campaigns and screening initiatives, are crucial to reducing the burden of cervical cancer. With ongoing efforts and technological advancements, India is taking significant strides towards a future where cervical cancer is not just treatable but preventable, ensuring the well-being of millions of women across the country.
